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Personalize the medicine
CAR-T Cells
CAR-T cells are engineered to express synthetic receptors composed of an antibody-derived single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to intracellular signaling domains. Unlike TCRs, CARs recognize intact antigens on the cell surface in an MHC-independent manner. CAR-T therapies have shown remarkable success in treating hematologic malignancies such as B cell leukemias and lymphomas by targeting CD19 or BCMA.
TCR-T cells
TCR-T therapy introduces a tumor-specific T cell receptor (TCR) into patient T cells. Unlike antibodies, TCRs recognize intracellular tumor antigens that are processed and presented on the cell surface by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. This enables TCR-T cells to target a broad spectrum of tumor-associated antigens, including those derived from oncogenic mutations, viral proteins, and cancer-testis antigens (e.g., NY-ESO-1). TCR-T therapies can thus access “hidden” intracellular targets, but they are restricted by HLA type and may face competition with endogenous TCR chains.
Self-assembly vaccine
Antibody
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